DNA History of Bradley

Introduction My lack of expertise in molecular genetics will become obvious to any expert who reads this page. For a combination of knowledge of the Irish annals and pedigrees and Y-DNA testing results, see the excellent website of John D. McLaughlin of St. Louis:

Niall of the Nine Hostages (Niall Noigiallach) was king of Ireland from 379 AD to 405 AD. He is number 126 on my list of Irish Kings. He was the son of Eochaidh Muighmheadhoin, who is number 124 on my list of Irish Kings. He was, therefore, known as Niall Mac Eochaidh or Mac Echach. Several centuries after Niall's reign, Mac Eochaidh was anglicized as McGough. See my page Origins of the Surname McGough. With a stretch of the history of anglicization of Irish names and a little poetic license, therefore, we can say that Niall was a McGough. For a brief biography and family tree of Niall, see: Niall of the Nine Hostages, on the website of the Boston University Theology Library. In 2005, five members of the faculty of Trinity College in Dublin announced the discovery of an "Irish Modal Haplotype" (IMH) consisting of families, mostly in northwestern Ireland, with a likely genetic relationship with Niall of the Nine Hostages. My personal DNA matches exactly the IMH 17-marker cluster identified as the Irish Modal Haplotype by the team from Trinity College. See the section of this page entitled Ui Neill Haplotype. Many experts believe that the cluster of Y-DNA markers that identify the Ui Neill haplotype dates back to a time long before Niall of the Nine Hostages. Irish tradition is that Niall was a descendant of Eremon (Irish Kings #2), a son of the legendary Milesius of Spain, many of whose descendants became rulers of Northern Ireland before the Norman conquest. The arrival in Ireland of the Milesians, or Gaels, from Spain traditionally occurred in the late Bronze Age (13th - 9th centuries BC). The Ui Neill genetic markers, therefore, may trace back to Eremon. The erudite John D. McLaughlin discusses the various forms given the Milesian legends by Irish scribes in his essay: The Milesian Legends. See also: The Keating Genealogies—The Branching of the sons of Milidh. Both essays will be found on John D. McLaughlin's great website: McLaughlin of Dún na nGall (Donegal). DNA testing should help solve some Irish genealogical puzzles within the next decade. The database of Irish DNA is growing rapidly, thanks in part to the interest raised by publication of the Ui Neill haplotype. Thus far, such Y-DNA testing has, at least in my eyes, increased the credence of the old Irish annals and pedigrees—sometimes to the surprise of modern Irish historians. McLaughlin of Dún na nGall (Donegal). For an introduction to molecular genealogy, see: Eye on DNA | How will it change your life? A video lecture by Dick Eastman of Eastman’s Online Genealogy Newsletter—the keynote address at the 2007 BYU Computerized Family History and Genealogy Conference. The database of the Sorenson Molecular Genealogy Foundation (SMGF) offers a gold mine of data and tutorials. The Animations in the Education section of their website offer a short primer in molecular genealogy. For a good exposition of many of the issues touched upon here, see: What can Y chromosome DNA tell us about the Ewings? by John McEwan (August 2006), part of a site called: Dal Riadic Migration Y Chromosome DNA Genealogy Page by John McEwan (updated 5th Aug 2006). For a comprehensive list of links, see: Kerchner's DNA Testing & Genetic Genealogy Info and Resources Page, and see the section on Links at the end of this page. True Ould Milesians Charles Macklin, a celebrated Irish actor and playwrite, died in London on July 11, 1797. Macklin included his family among the "true ould Milesians." Macklin was born Charles M'Laughlin (or Cathail McLochlainn) in about 1699. His parents were William McLaughlin and Ann O'Flanagan (whose marriage may have been recorded as that of Terence Melaghlin and Agnes O'Flanagan). See History of Charles Macklin. According to a memoir by Francis Aspey Congreve published in 1798, Mackin's birthplace was "the Barony of Quinshoven, one of the northernmost districts of Ireland." Quinshoven should be Inishowen. Macklin was born in Gortinairn near the village of Culdaff on the Inishowen peninsula in county Donegal. Other biographers repeat a story, probably wrong, that Charles Macklin was two months old at the battle of the Boyne, which was fought on July 1, 1690. A memorial marker gives his life span as 1690 to 1797, but the inscription on his coffin in the chancel of St. Paul's Church, Covent Garden, London, says he died on July 11, 1797, "Aged 97 years." In Macklin's comedy of 1759, love al la mode, the Irishman, Sir Callaghan O'Brallaghan (modernly often Bradley) is reading a letter he has composed to Sir Archy MacSarcasm, a Scotsman. In the letter, Sir Callaghan alludes to the ancient antiquity of his family, and proceeds to explain: "You see, Sir Archy, I give him a rub, but by way of a hint about my family, because why, you see, Sir Theodore is my uncle, only by my mother's side, which is a little upstart family came in vid one Strongbow but t'other day—lord, not above six or seven hunred years ago; whereas my family, by my father's side, are all the true ould Milesians, and related to the O'Flahertys, and O'Shaughnesses, and the M'Lauchlins, the O'Donnagbans, O'Callaghans, O'Geoghagans, and all the tick blood of the nation; and I myself am an O'Brallaghan (Bradley), which is the ouldest of them all.” —Macklin: Love à la Mode. Source: Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, edited by the Rev. E. Cobham Brewer, LL. D. and revised in 1895. I can't resist adding a quotation from Macklin's 1763 play A True Born Irishman [After O’Dogherty reproached his wife for changing her name in London from O'Dogherty to Diggerty, she promised to return to O'Dogherty]: "Ogh, that’s right, Nancy—O’Dogherty forever O’Dogherty—there’s a sound for you—why they have not such a name in England as O’Dogherty—nor as any of our fine sounding Milesian names—what are your Jones and your Stones, your Rice and your Price, your Heads and your Foots, and Hands and your Wills, and Hills and Mills, and Sands, and a parcel of little pimping names that a man would not pick out of the street, compared to the O’Donovans, O’Callaghans, O’Sullivans, O’Brallaghans (Bradley's), O’Shagnesses, O'Flahertys, O’Gallaghers, and O’Doghertys.—Ogh, they have courage in the very sound of them, for they come out of the mouth like a storm, and are as old and stout as the oak at the bottom of the bog of Allen, which was there before the flood—and though they have been dispossessed by upstarts and foreigners, buddoughs and sassanoughs, yet I hope they will flourish in the Island of Saints, while grass grows or water runs." (Quoted in part in Bridget O’Toole's review of A. N. Jeffares & Peter Van der Kemp, ed., Irish Literature: The Eighteenth Century [Dublin: IAP 2006, p.169], in Books Ireland, April. 2006, p.77. The play was a hit in Dublin, but encountered a less friendly reception in London, where it closed after one performance with an apology from Macklin for his impertinence. In his apology, Macklin said "... there's a geography in humour as well as in morals, which I had not previously considered." Irish legends have it that the Milesians came from the northern part of Spain to Ireland in the later Bronze Age. Here are excerpts from an article in the Irish Times of Monday, February 16, 2009: "Genetic studies show our closest relatives are found in Galicia and the Basque region ... "Our closest relatives are found in various parts of Galicia and the Basque country according to genetic studies led by Prof Dan Bradley of Trinity College Dublin’s Smurfit Institute of Genetics. He presented his research over the weekend at the American Association for the Advancement of Science annual meeting in Chicago. "He was joined by Queen’s University Belfast archaeologist and linguist Prof James Mallory who talked about efforts to link these DNA studies with the transmission of languages across western Europe. ... "Prof Bradley and colleagues have done extensive genetic analysis into where the Irish came from and how they got to Ireland. He studies genes associated with the Y chromosome, a genetic inheritance that comes via the father. "By tracking the presence of certain Y chromosome markers he can travel back in time to map our relatedness to others across Europe. ... "The human data definitively showed that our strongest relatedness was with the northern Iberian Peninsula, with this genetic signal strongest for the Irish living today in the west of Ireland. These in turn were likely the closest relatives of the migrants who originally settled in Ireland. "Genetic studies of Irish fauna also showed this distinctive signal, he said. 'The Irish badgers are Spanish, but the British badgers are not. The fauna of Ireland seems to be divergent. How does one explain this, he asked. "The most likely explanation was that the island was settled by migrants from northern Spain as the glaciers that covered Ireland from the last ice age melted away. 'It seems to me that most animals in Ireland came by boat. There seems to have been some communication with southern Europe.' "The Book of Invasions from the 8th century talked about an invasion by the Spanish king Milesius, he said. "His group also looked for genetic linkages between people sharing a common surname, something passed along from the male lineage like the Y chromosome. "They found linkages that traced back, to the famous Ui Neill kindred, from whom Niall Noigiallagh, Niall of the nine hostages was descended. ..." See: Researchers Trace Roots of Irish and Wind Up in Spain by Nicholas Wade published on March 23, 2000, in the National Science/Health section of the New York Times; Basques are Brothers of the Celts, an article of April 3, 2001, by Robert Highfield of The Daily Telegraph; and We are not Celts at all but Galicians, an article of September 10, 2004, by Brian Donnelly of The Herald (London). For a history of the Milesians, see Triskelle—Milesians. See also: Timeless Myths—Celtic Mythology—Milesians: "The following family trees show both the ancestors and descendants of Míl, founder and eponym of the Milesian, the true Gaelic people of Ireland. The Milesians were the fifth and last Celtic people to invade and settle in Ireland. The family trees were extracted from the fifth volume of Lebor Gabálá Erenn: The Taking of Ireland (translated and edited by R. A. Stewart Macalister)." See also, on Timeless Myths, the page on the Book of Invasions: "The people of Ireland in medieval times had never believed that the Gaelic speaking people were native of their land. They had believed that Ireland was invaded and settled by successive Celtic tribes over different periods. Their history is based largely upon the pseudo-historical Lebor Gabala, translated into English as the 'Book of Invasions', and Cath Maige Tuired, or the 'Second Battle of Maige Tuired'." And here is a quotation from Tapestry: Weaving the Myth, History, and Archeology of Ancient Ireland. - The Milesians: "Once again, a better organized force overcame the defenders unused to large-scale invasions and Sovereignty of Ireland passed to the Milesians in the Year of the World 2746, or 1268 BC. The mythological invasions of Ireland were over. The arrival of the Milesians coincides exactly with the Late Bronze Age (13th - 9th centuries BC)." "The Uí Néill sample population was composed of the following surnames (sample number): (O’)Gallagher (12), (O’)Boyle (9), (O’)Doherty (5), O’Donnell (4), O’Connor (3), Cannon (3), Bradley (2), O’Reilly (2), Flynn (2), (Mc)Kee (2), Campbell (1), Devlin (1), Donnelly (1), Egan (1), Gormley (1), Hynes (1), McCaul (1), McGovern (1), McLoughlin (1), McManus (1), McMenamin (1), Molloy (1), O’Kane (1), O’Rourke (1), and Quinn (1)." The Irish Modal Haplotype (IMH) of the Moore/Trinity study was determined by an analysis of the Y-DNA of 59 members of 25 families traditionally associated with the Ui Neill. Gallagher (Donegal), Boyle (Donegal), Doherty (Donegal), O'Donnell (Donegal), Connor (Kerry) and Cannon (Donegal) made up 36 members of the 59 whose DNA whose Y-DNA was studied. (The counties in parenthesis indicates where the surname was most common in the 19th century according to Irish Ancestors.) Other names used in the study were primarily associated with the following counties: Bradley (Derry), Reilly (Cavan), Flynn (Cork), McKee (Down), Campbell (Down), Devlin (Tyrone), Donnelly (Tyrone), Egan (Tipperary), Gormley (Tyrone), Hynes (Galway), McCaul (Monaghan), McGovern (Cavan). McLoughlin (Donegal). McManus (Fermanagh), McMenamin (Donegal and Tyrone), Molloy (Offaly), Kane (Derry), Rourke (Leitrim), Quinn (Tyrone). McLaughlin of Dun na nGall Several good articles on the DNA readings of the Northwest Irish (NWI) haplotype will be found under DNA on John D. McLaughlin's website: McLaughlin of Dún na nGall. In his article entitled Ui Neill DNA, McLaughlin assigned the surnames used in the Trinity study to the following clan affiliations: Cenel Eoghain: Bradley, Gormley, Devlin, Donnelly, McLoughlin, O'Kane, Campbell, McCaul, Quinn ("Note: Campbell and McCaul are in this case both probably anglicized forms of MacCawell.") Cenel Conaill: O'Gallagher, O'Boyle, O'Doherty, O'Donnell, Cannon, McMenamin Connachta: O'Connor, O'Reilly, Flynn, Hynes, McGovern, McManus, O'Rourke Unknown: McKee, Egan, Molloy McLaughlin then includes pedigree charts showing the traditional descent of these families from Niall Noígiallach "of the Nine Hostages," and Niall's ancestors, including his father, Eochaidh Mugmedon. He points out that the DNA of many of O'Neills now in northwest Ireland does not match the so-called Ui Neill DNA. "Conspicuously absent from the list of surnames identified by the Trinity College team as descended from the Nial 'of the Nine Hostages' were the O'Neills, although a previous sampling included 80 O'Neill DNA samples. Also absent from the list were surnames associated with the southern Ui Neill (although MacLoughlin and Molloy may have been intended as representatives). "The Connachta (descended from brothers of Nial) also match the Ui Neill modal and they cannot in any sense be called Ui Neill (descendants of Nial). The common ancestor of all three therefore must precede Nial himself—how far back is a matter of dispute among DNA experts. Trinity places the common ancestor at about the time of Nial—others disagree and say the common ancestor might have lived as much as 4,000 or more years ago. The jury is still out on the dating, but one thing is sure—Nial 'of the Nine Hostages' is not the common ancestor of the Cenel Eoghain, Cenel Conaill and Connachta. It must go back further than him. How far back is the only question." Under his section on The O'Neills, McLaughlin points out: "The most startling revelation to date of the Trinity study is that the O'Neills, by pedigree kin to the McLaughlins of Tirconnell, do not match the Ui Neill modal at all! "An earlier DNA sampling by the Trinity study examined the DNA of 80 O'Neills from all over Ireland. In Ulster they tested some 30 O'Neills - and of these 30 at most only 5 matched the Ui Neill modal. The largest body of O'Neills in Ulster did not match the Ui Neill at all. In the Ysearch database, several McShanes (said to descend from the O'Neills of the Fews in Tyrone) matched the other O'Neills but not the Ui Neill modal. "The Trinity study used a lot of non-standard DNA markers so it's difficult to compare their results to DNA samples listed in Ysearch (mostly from Family Tree DNA). But the first 12 markers are the same as those used by other labs so a minimal comparison can be obtained. The following is one DNA sample from the large group of O'Neills from Ulster who do not match the Ui Neill modal. ..." McLaughlin is convincing in his conclusion that the common ancestors of these groups precede Niall of the nine Hostages: "Although DNA research has found that the Connachta, Cenel Conaill and Cenel Eoghain tribes are indeed linked as the pedigrees state (if not exactly in the way the pedigrees link them), there are further unexplained mysteries to the Ui Neill story. In addition to the above clans in the NW of Ireland, a large number of Scottish clans also match the Ui Neill modal, including a number of obviously non-Celtic surnames such as Wilson or Robertson. The Ui Neill modal is also found in families from England, such as Blanchard, Clarkson, Moore, Knowles, Drake, Heathering. A limited number of DNA samples also come from such diverse areas as France, Germany, and Denmark. It has become perfectly obvious that although these families share a common ancestor with the Ui Neill of Ireland, few if any of them are actually descended from the Ui Neill of Ireland. For the Scottish surnames matching the modal, FTDNA places the total percentage at about 6% of the Scottish samples. "In other words, the Ui Neill in Ireland are simply a sub-set of a larger tribal grouping, some of whom can be found in various locations in Scotland, England, France and Germany. The implications of this are still unknown at the present. No one has yet ventured to assign a name to that larger tribal grouping. If O Rahilly is correct their origins could go back to Gaul or elsewhere in continental Europe, perhaps even Spain." Ui Neill Markers in McEvoy/Bradley Study of 2006 The table below is based on an analysis in Y-chromosomes and the extent of patrilineal ancestry in Irish surnames by Brian McEvoy and Daniel G. Bradley, published on the Internet on January 12, 2006, and in hard copy in the March 2006, edition of the American Journal of Human Genetics, volume 119, pages 212–219. (McEvoy B, Bradley DG. 2006. Y-chromosomes and the extent of patrilineal ancestry in Irish surnames. Hum Genet 2006 March; 119:212–219). The analysis of McEvoy and Bradley was based in part on Y-DNA samples collected from 1125 Irish men from all parts of Ireland, and bearing 43 different surnames. McEvoy and Bradley used the same 17 STR loci as were used in the Moore/Trinity study discussed above. (Thirty-one of the samples used in the McEvoy/Bradley analysis were first reported in the Moore/Trinity study.) Of the 1125 samples, I found only these 21 exact matches to the Ui Neill 17 markers:


Persons with origins in Ulster with exact matches with these numbers in the McAvoy/Bradley study were mostly Bradleys. Bradley was a name that, in the mid 1850s was most common in counties Derry, Donegal, and Tyrone, according to Irish Ancestors. Griffith's Valuation listed 389 Bradleys in Derry, 202 in Donegal, and 166 in Tyrone. There were 73 Bradleys in county Down. Only 9 were listed in county Monaghan, where the majority of McGough families were located. Irish Ancestors' surname dictionary lists Bradley with the Gaelic Ó Brolcháin and says: "Bradley. Very numerous: widespread, especially Ulster and Leinster. Ir. Ó Brolacháin. An Ulster sept of note in Derry. It seems likely that some Bradleys are of English origin as the name is widespread there. SGG. "Ó Brolcháin. Brollaghan, Bradley: an-líonmhar mar Bradley i dtuaisceart Uladh. Bhí baint acu le Doire le fada. Clann ionráiteach sa mheán-aois: Mael Íosa Ó Brolcháin (+1086) a chum "Deus meus adiuva me", iomann atá i bhfeidhm fós. Bhí craobh i gCorcaigh faoin mbréagriocht Bradley, ach is cosúil gur sloinne Sasanach Bradley i Cúige Laighean. IF. "Ó Brolcháin. rare: Dublin etc. Ir. Lang. See Bradley." From Under the Oak: Saint Máel Ísu Ua Brolcháin: "Máel Ísu Ua Brolcháin was a religious poet from Donegal who was a member of the Armagh community. His death in Lismore is mentioned in the Annals of Innisfallen in 1086. He is recognized as one of the primary poets of his age, and there is a full-page account of his life and family in the 16th-century Acta Sanctorum by Colgan. He was educated in the monastery of Both Chonais, Gleenely, beside the present-day Culdaff, Co. Donegal. His death is mentioned in all major annals ... " Flaithbertach Ua Brolcháin , who died about 1175. was abbot of Derry and head of Columban churches in Ireland. "From: [email protected] Subject: Re: [DNA] Scots/Dalriata and NW Irish/Ui Neill - those clans Date: Sat, 18 Feb 2006 04:24:26 EST "There has been much speculation on this list on Ui Neill surnames in Scotland. I can perhaps give an example of one such surname at least - O Brolchain - which appears to have come to Scotland in connection with the church at Iona. The O Brolchains were a royal family of the northern Ui Neill, descended from Eogan, son of Nial. One of the lines (Suibhne mean) was a High King of Ireland, (d. 628 AD). In later years they lost their political power but became heavily involved with the church at Derry (Columcille's church). The name later appears in records at Iona and Black (Surnames of Scotland) gives examples of the surname in later Scottish records. The name has been curiously mis anglicized as Bradley and even Brody. "The O Brolchain Family Notes from Reeves "Life of St. Columba," by Adamnan "XLVII - Flaithbertach Coarb 1150-1175. [Introduction, p. clxxx] "Surnamed Ua Brolchain. The family of Ua Brolchain were descended from Suibhne Meann, who was king of Ireland in 615, and belonged to the Cinel Feradhaich, a clan so called from Feradhach, grandfather of that Suibhne Meann, and fourth in descent from Eoghan, the founder of the Cinel-Eoghain race. The Cinel Feradhiach are now territorially represented by the barony of Clogher, in the south of the county of Tyrone. The first of the O'Brolchan family who is mentioned in the Annals was Maelbrighde Ua Brolchan, styled prim saer Erren ['chief mason of Ireland'- Od Vers], whose obit is entered in the ann. Ult. at 1029. From him probably the masonic art of the family was derived, which was cultivated by Flaherty, and practiced by Donnell, with such success. ... "The next was Maeliosa, the lector whose obit is entered above at 1086. He spent a part of his early life at Both-chonais in Inishowen, in the neighbourhood of which some of his writings were preserved in Colgan's time; and afterwards he founded a church seemingly at Lismore, called the derteac Maeiliosa, 'Oratory of Maeliosa,' which was burned in 1116. "He died on the 16th of January, justly celebrated for his learning (Colgan, Acta SS. p. 108). His son, Aedh, succeeded him in the calling of professor, and died in 1095. Two years afterwards a son of Maelbrighde, surnamed Mac-an-tsaeir, who was bishop of Kildare, died. Maelcolaim Ua Brolchain, bishop of Armagh, died in 1122; and Maelbrighde Ua Brolchain, also bishop of Armagh, died, Jan. 29, 1139. The latter was probably father of the coarb Flaithbertach, whom the Annals of Ulster, abt 1164, called Flaithbertach mac in epsuic hUi Brolcain, 'Flaithbertach, son of the bishop Ua Brolchan,' a lineage by no means in accordance with the delicacy of the Four Masters, and which, when copying the entry, they divest of its objectionable character, in simply calling him Flaithbertach Ua Brolchain. ..." John D. McLaughlin has examined the McEvoy/Bradley list of 1125 Irish men from all parts of Ireland (bearing 43 different surnames) and prepared a list of those who appear to be R1b1c7. I assume that the 12 markers he used for comparison are the 12 markers of the 17 used in the Moore/Trinity study that are part of the FTDNA 37 marker test. Here is his posting on RootsWeb: DNA-R1B1C7-L Archives Archiver > DNA-R1B1C7 > 2008-02 > 1202022596 From: [email protected] Subject: Re: [DNA-R1B1C7] Southern Ui Neill DNA Date: Sun, 3 Feb 2008 02:09:56 EST "I put together a list of surnames which appear to be R1b1c7 in the Trinity spreadsheet. This is from their DNA study of 1125 or so surnames spread across Ireland and not the smaller Ui Neill study. Since it's only 12 markers I couldn't be sure all of the samples were R1b1c7. My main criteria at 12 markers were DYS 390 = 25, DYS 385ab = 11, 13 and DYS 392 = 14. "I don't know if there are any surprises here or not. If the totals do not agree it's because some samples said 'don't know' for the origin. For me the biggest surprise is probably McGuinness in Ulster with 11 samples and 10 in Connacht. The main body of the clan in NE Ireland is haplogroup I. We even see it in Munster in a few McCarthy and O'Sullivan samples and in Leinster with some Kellys and Byrnes. "Some of these surname samples are majority R1b1c7 (Bradley, Haughey, McGinley, McGinn, McGinty, McGovern, O'Connor, O'Reilly, O'Rourke - but these are all Ui Neill or Connachta surnames). In others you just see a few (O'Sullivan, McCarthy). There are 70 McCarthy samples in the file; 70 O'Sullivan samples. McGuinness has a huge number as well. "I guess the lesson here is R1b1c7 can pop up anywhere, even in clans with pedigrees which are apparently not descended from Nial or his brothers. On the other hand, all we see is a small scattering of R1b1c7 DNA among surnames that are not said to descend from Nial or his brothers. In some of the surnames it's unclear what their clan origins might be. The major exception to this statement would have to be the O'Neill's, with 14 R1b1c7 samples out of 80. Bradley 12 all in Ulster Brady 1 Connacht Byrne 9 5 in Ulster, 3 in Leinster Coulter 1 in Ulster Donohoe 2, 1 in Ulster Dunleavy 5, 2 in Leinster, 1 in Munster, 1 in Connacht, 1 in Ulster Egan 7, 4 in Munster, 2 in Connacht Haughey 14, 13 in Ulster Heaney 3, 2 in Ulster Kelly 10, 5 in Leinster, 3 in Ulster, 1 in Connacht, 1 in Munster Kennedy 8, 3 in Connacht, 2 in Ulster McCarthy 2, both in Munster McEvoy 2, 1 in Leinster McGinley 15, all in Ulster McGinn 12, 11 in Ulster McGinty 12, 11 in Ulster McGovern 7, 5 in Ulster, 2 in Connacht McGuinness 25, 11 in Ulster, 10 in Connacht, 3 in Leinster McNeice, 2 in Ulster Murphy 8, 4 in Leinster, 4 in Ulster O'Connor 4, all in Connacht O'Gara 4, all in Ulster O'Hara 1, in Connacht O'Hare 12, 9 in Ulster, 2 in Leinster O'Neill 14, 9 in Ulster, 2 in Leinster O'Reilly 5, 4 in Ulster, 1 in Connacht O'Rourke 2, 1 in Connacht, 1 in Leinster O'Sullivan 2, 1 in Munster, 1 in Leinster Rooney 2, 1 in Ulster, 1 in Leinster Ryan 6, 2 in Munster, 3 in Connacht, 1 in Leinster Totals Ulster 126 Connacht 30 Leinster 26 Munster 11". R-M222 Modal Haplotype "NOTE: The formal publication of a revised haplogroup tree by the Y-Chromosome Consortium in May of 2008 has caused the relabeling of several haplogroups. In accord with the new YCC system, the branch of the Y-chromosome tree defined by the M222 SNP and formerly known as R1b1c7 is now called R1b1b2e by Family Tree DNA. To make things as confusing as possible, two additional SNPs have recently been identified and placed in the R branch of the tree by the research team of the International Society of Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG). In their further revision of the Y-chromosome tree, the branch associated with the M222 SNP is now called R1b1b2a2e. Any of these labels is correct provided one specifies the labeling system used. That is, R1b1b2e (YCC 2008) is equivalent to R1b1b2a2e (ISOGG 2008), and both are equivalent to R1b1c7 (FTDNA 2005 and ISOGG 2006-2007). For simplicity's sake, the Haplogroup can be labeled with its major haplogroup branch and the most refined downstream SNP -- R-M222." Y-DNA Haplogroup is: BY157732 Detailed haplogroup path is: R-M207> M173> M343> L754> L761> L389> P297> M269> L23> L51> P310> L151> P312> Z290> L21> S552> DF13> Z39589> DF49> Z2980> Z2976> DF23> Z2961> Z2956> Z2965> R-M222> Z2959> BY35297> FGC4077> A725> BY158231> BY157732